Japan's triple squeeze: industrial decline, fiscal pressure, and strategic rearmament.

In an op-ed, NTU Emeritus Professor of Economics Prof Tan Kong Yam writes that Japan is facing mounting pressure from China’s technological rise, demographic decline and growing geopolitical tensions, forcing it to rethink its economic model, industrial strategy and security posture. While Japan still retains strengths in advanced manufacturing and technology, rising debt, ageing, energy vulnerability and expanding defence spending are narrowing its room for policy manoeuvre in an increasingly fragmented global order.  

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